Host-directed therapies. In addition to antibiotics, immune modulatory therapies are likely to play an increasingly vital role in infectious diseases, including sepsis. Therapies to dampen an overexuberant hyper-inflammatory response or to boost an inadequate immune response will be selected based upon immune phenotyping. Immune adjuvant therapies to enhance host immunity will be important because most deaths from sepsis occur in patients with impaired immunity due to age (immunosenescence) or comorbidities. Immune adjuvant therapies offer key advantages in that they are pathogen agnostic (protect against a broad range of microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant pathogens) and will not induce antibiotic resistance.